BBN3402Satu2019:Minggu 10

TERJEMAHAN KERANGKA TEORI

















Nama: Sae Fhean A/P Eh Pal
No. Matrik: 196352

TEORI ANALISIS WACANA BROWN & YULE (1983)

Brown & Yule (1983) telah menyenaraikan empat elemen wacana. Elemen tersebut meliputi elemen pra-andaian, implikatur, rujukan dan inferens. Brown & Yule (1983) juga menyatakan bahawa wacana boleh dianalisis melalui kajian teks,tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi.

Pra-andaian
Pra-andaian merupakan pragmatic. Pra-andaian ini telah dipilih berdasarkan anggapan dan andaian kepada apa yang mungkin akan diterima oleh pendengar tanpa rintangan. 

Implikatur
Implikatur merupakan pandangan atau yang berkemungkinan. Cadangan atau makna penutur/penulis adalah berbeza dengan apa yang mereka katakan. Implikatur berbentuk implikasi konvensional. Penutur/Penulis tidak memberitahu bahawa imej tertentu adalah disebabkan oleh ciri-ciri lain.

Rujukan
Penutur berunding dengan menggunakan ungkapan yang sesuai dan menggabungkan dengan ungkapan berbentuk rundingan. Rujukan adalah sesuatu yang dilakukan oleh seseorang dengan menggunakan ungkapan.

Inferens
Inferens menunjukkan usaha untuk membuat kesimpulan. Selain itu, inferens menjelaskan ujaran atau hubungan antara ujaran. Pelbagai andaian telah dihasilkan dalam beberapa andaian dan kesimpulan.

BROWN & YULE THEORY OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (1983)   

Brown & Yule (1983) has listed four discourse elements. The element covers the pre-assumptions, implicatic, reference and inference elements. Brown and Yule (1983) also stated that discourse can be analyzed through text, writing, speech and interaction studies.

Pre-assumptions
Pre-assumptions are pragmatic. These pre-assumptions have been chosen based on the assumption and assumptions that may be received by unresistance listeners. 

Implicature
Implicature is a view or potential. The recommendation or meaning of the speaker/author is different from what they said. Implicature form is conventional implications. The speaker/author does not tell you that certain images are due to other features.

Reference
Speakers consult by using the appropriate expression and combines with the form of negotiations shaped. References are something done by someone by using expressions.

Inference
Inferences denote effort to draw conclusions. In addition, inference describes words or relationships between words. Various assumptions have been made in several assumptions and conclusions.



     Teori Stubbs (1983) memfokuskan kepada linguistic wacana.
1.    Pendekatan
2.    Kebolehramalan 
3.    Fonotaktik
4.    Tatabahasa
5.    Intuisi tentang urutan wacana
6.    Kebolehramalan
7.    Kebolehramalan dan idealisasi
8.    Kawalan struktur bermaksud 
9.    Wacana Canonical dan idealisasi
10.  Analogi 
11.  Kesimpulan


Stubbs's theory (1983) focuses on linguistic discourse. 
1. Approach 
2. Predictability 
3. Phonotactic 
4. Grammar 
5. Intuitiveness of discourse order 
6. Predictability 
7. Predictability and idealization 
8. Structural control 
9. Canonical discourse and idealization 
10. Analogy 
11. Conclusion




TEORI ANALISIS WACANA KRITIS (VANDIJK, 1977)
Struktur Makro
Makna global daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati 
daripada topik/tema suatu teks
Superstruktur
Kerangka suatu teks seperti bahagian pendahuluan, 
isi, penutup dan kesimpulan
Struktur Mikro
Makna lokal daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati
daripada pilihan kata, kalimat dan gaya yang dipakai oleh suatu teks
Rajah 1: Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh vandijk(1977)




VANDIJIK THEORY OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (1977)
Macro Structure 
The global meaning of a text that is observable from the topic / theme of a text
Superstructure
The framework of a text such as the introductory section, content, closing and conclusion
Micro Structure 
Local meanings of a text that can applied from the choice of words, sentences and styles used by a text
Figure 1: Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by vandijk (1977)





Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis (Fairclough, 1995)
Analisis Tekstual            

Tatabahasa                      
• Tema                   

Leksikal
• Metafora

Kohesi
• Pengulangan
• Konjunsi
Analisis Wacana Praktis

Intertektualiti                      
• Pra-andaian
• Metawacana
• Penafian

Interdiskusi
• Naratif 
• Perbahasan
• Ekspositori
• Luahan (expressive)

Analisis Praktis Sosial

Ekonomi
Pendidikan 
Politik
Rajah 2: Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh Fairclough (1995)






Fairclough Theory of Discourse Analysis (1995)

Textual Analysis           

Grammar                     
• Themes              

Lexical
• Metaphor

Cohension
• Repitition
• Conjuctions
Practical Discource Analysis
Intertectical                      
• Pre-assumptions
• Methods
• Disclaimer

Interdiscursive
• Narative 
• Debates
• Exposures
• Expressions (expressive)

Social practice Analysis
Economy
Education
Politic
                 Figure 2: Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995)




Prinsip Tannen (1987)  terhadap kesopanan dalam wacana adalah seperti berikut:
1. Ekspresi formal (imej positif dan negatif)
2. Strategi kesopanan
3. Pilihan strategi (directness and indirectness)
4. Senyap (metamessage)


Tannen's (1987) principle of politeness in discourse is as follows:
1. Formal expression (positive and negative images) 
2. Politeness strategy 
3. Choice of strategy (directness and indirectness) 
4. Silence (metamessage)





                                                       STRATEGI KESOPANAN
Bald on-record
Contoh:
Bersedia!
Dengar sini.
Berikan saya bakul besar itu.
Lampu itu berwarna hijau.
Jemput masuk.
Jemput makan
Kesopanan Positif
Contoh: Kamu nampak sugul. Boleh saya tolong?
Boleh saya pinjam serratus ringgit?
Saya ikut kamu ke hospital, jika kamu tidak keberatan.
Kesopanan Negatif

Mungkin dia yang mengambil kotak itu, mungkin!
Tolong berikan saya pinggan putih itu.
Kalau begitu, sedikit arahan tidak diperlukan?
Membuang botok kosong merata-rata tidak dibenarkan.
Off-record 

Wah, semakin sejuk dalam bilik ini.
Mahal betul harga kasut di sini.
Cantik baju kamu.
Rajah 3: Strategi Kesopanan oleh Brown & Levinson (1987)



                                                       Civility Strategy
Bald on-record
Example:
Willing!
Listen Here.
Give me that big basket. 
The lamp is green. 
Allow go in
Allow to eat

Positive Politeness 
Example You look bitter. May I help you? 
Can I borrow one hundred Ringgit? 
I go with you to the hospital, if you don't mind.

Negative courtesy 

Maybe he took the box, maybe! 
Please give me the white dish. 
If so, a little direction is not needed? Throwing empty botok evenly is not justifiedKesopanan Negatif
Off-record 

Wow, it's getting cooler in this room. Expensive price of shoes here. 
Your clothes are pretty.
Figure 3 A courtesy strategy by Brown Levinson (1987)





            Johnstone (2002) pula mengatakan bahawa pendekatan wacana dibahagikan kepada beberapa bahagian.
1. Perkataan dan baris
2. Perenggan dan episod
3. Wacana skemata dan struktur naratif
4. Susunan perbualan
5. Organisasi ayat
6. Kohesi
7. Struktur dan peraturan


               Johnstone (2002) also said that the discourse approach was shared among several parts. 
1. Words and lines 
2. Paragraph and episodes 
3. Schematic discourse and narrative structure 
4. Arrangement of conversations 
5. Organization of verses 
6. Cohesion 
7. Structure and regulations


Pendekatan Analisis Wacana
(Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
PRA-ANDAIAN
1. Intuisi
2. Konteks

• Penerimaan/
  penafian
• Keperluan
• Perujukan
• Anafora
• Pengulangan
• Kekaburan
• Penegasan


EMOSI
1. Positif
2. Negatif
3. Emosi
    Bercampur

• Perangai
• Personaliti
• Mood
• Motivasi


NILAI DAN BUDAYA
1. Diri
2. Masyarakat
3. Adat

• Jujur, ikhlas, 
   Baik hati, kasih 
   Sayang, kerajinan, 
   Kesyukuran,
   kesederhanaan
• Berdikari, hemah
  Tinggi, keberanian,
  Kebersihan fizikal
  Dan mental,
  kesantunan
• Hormat menghormati,
  Kerjasama, semangat,
  bermasyarakat
• Keadilan, kebebasan,
   rasional


BAHASA
1. Bahasa
    pertama/
    kedua/
    ketiga
2. Formal/
    tidak 
    formal
3. Kesalahan
    bahasa
4. Linguistik



INFERENS
1. Rumusan
    keseluruhan
2. Rumusan
    topik
    perbincangan
3. Penutup Kata


Rajah 4: Pendekatan Analisis Wacana Normaliza Abd Rahim, (2018b)




Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
PRE-ASSUMPTION
1. Intuition
2. Context

• Acceptance / Disclaimer
• Requirements
• Reconciliation
• Anaphora
• Repetition
• Blurring
• Affirmation


EMOTION
1. Positive
2. Negative
3. Mixed Emotions

•Characteristic
• Personality
• Mood
• Motivation


VALUES AND CULTURE
1. Self
2. Society
3. Customs

• Honest, Sincere, Truthful, Kind, Loving, Diligent, Gratitude, Simplicity 
• Independent, Respect, Courage, Physical and mental hygiene
• Respect, co-operation,  community’s spirit
• Justice, freedom, rationality


LANGUAGE
1. First / second / third language 
2. Formal / informal 
3. Language errors 
4.Linguistics



INFERENCES 
1. Overall conclusion
2. Discussion conclusion of topic 
3. Closing word


Figure 4: Normaliza Abd Rahim's Discourse Analysis Approach, (2018b)







            Terdapat tiga elemen dalam teori analisis wacana iaitu kandungan, konteks dan andaian (Rajah 5).

                         Teori Analisis Wacana (Noramaliza Abd Rahim, 2018)
Kandungan
1.Tema
Konteks
1. Tatabahasa
2. Latar
3. Emosi
Andaian 
1. Pendapat
2. Perujukan 
3. Persoalan
Rajah 5: Teori Analisis Wacana




There are three elements in the theory of discourse analysis which are content, context and assumption (Fig. 5).
Discourse Analysis Theory  (Noramaliza Abd Rahim, 2018)
Content
1.Themes
Context
1. Grammar
2. Background
3. Emotions
Andaian 
1. Opinion
2. Referrals
3. Problems
Rajah 5: Discourse Analysis Theory 



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